Database of luminescent Minerals

hackmanite

Chemical Formula:See SODALITE

Familly: Silicates

Status:

Crystal System: Isometric

Mineral for Display: Yes

Luminescence:

Daylight Picture

hackmanite,
Photo and Copyright: James Hamblen
Site of the author
Used with permission of the author

Long Waves Picture (365nm)

hackmanite under UVLW,
Photo and Copyright: James Hamblen
Site of the author
Used with permission of the author

Galerie de photos:

     To the gallery (22 images in the gallery)

Phosphorescence (in the common meaning of the term) seen by naked eye:

Ténébrescence: OUI

Thermoluminescence: Yes

Comments:

A sulfide rich sodalite and should not be regarded as a separate species.

Main Activator(s) and spectrum:

Most Common Activator: S₂^-

Peaks in the spectrum (nm):

S₂^-  : (566),(610), 625, 647, 664, (695), (723), (751nm)

  To the spectrum gallery (1 spectra in the gallery)

Comments on activators and spectra:

Crystals of Hackmanite of Koksha Valley in Afghanistan are usually found in a matrix constituted by non fluorescing Winchite and/or marble.

O. Ivan Lee investigated what he calls the "reversible photosensitivity" of hackmanite from Bancroft (Ontario) and his response to different UV sources as early as 1936. He presented the phenomenon for the 50th Anniversary Celebration Banquet of the New York Mineralogical Club, in November 18, 1936 at the American Museum of Natural History. It seems that it was the first observation and  the first public announcement and  publication (American Mineralogist vol 21) about photochromism (tenebrescence) in mineralogy.

Chemical analyses revealed that the mineral contains certain amount of sulfur as a substitute for chlorine in the crystal structure.The FTIR spectra of hackmanite showed that the samples contain water. The stretching vibration peak of water of crystallization (H₂O) occurs at 3 438 cm^-1 and the bending peak is at 1 623 cm^-1 . Its tenebrescence is caused by ″hole colour centres″ which are contributed to the presence of sulfur (S₂^2-)) and to some negatively charged chlorine atoms being missing in the crystal structure of hackmanite. (source: http://www.geology.com.cn/Geology-Journals/article-35765.html)

Crystals of Hackmanite of Koksha Valley in Afghanistan are usually found in a matrix constituted by non fluorescing Winchite and/or marble.

Synthetic sodalites containing sulfur and showing considerable photochromic activity have been investigated by ESR. The center responsible for the color has been shown to be an electron trapped at a chlorine vacancy. The origin of the electron which is reversibly transferred during the processes of coloration and bleaching is believed to be the ion S2−. (see  William G. Hodgson, Jacob S. Brinen, and Emil F. Williams, Electron Spin Resonance Investigation of Photochromic Sodalites, The Journal of Chemical Physics 47, 3719 , 1967)

Best Locality for luminescence(*):

• The Ilímaussaq Complex, Greenland;
• Svintsovyi Ruchei (Lead Creek), Kukisvumchorr Mt, Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast, Northern Region, Russia;
• Tawa valley, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast, Northern Region, Russia (type locality);
• Davis Quarry, Dungannon Township, Bancroft District, Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada;
• Poudrette quarry (Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Desourdy quarry), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada
• Princess Sodalite quarry and Cancrinite Hill, Bancroft, Canada;
• Ladjuar Medam, Sar e Sang, Koksha Valley, Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan;
• Kiran, Koksha Valley, Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
• Pein-Pyit, Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Division, Burma (fluo+strong tenebrescence);
• Saga I Quarry Morje Porsgrunn, Sagasen Quarry and Ostskogen Quarry in Tvedalen, Langesundfjord, Larvik Plutonic Complex, Norway;
• Cancrinite Hill, Dungannon Township, Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada (dark blue sodalite dull red fluorescing with yellow cancrinite);
• Tashmarine (diopside) mine, Tien Shan Mountains, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China;

(*)Data are not exhaustive and are limited to the most important localities for fluorescence

Bibliographical Reference for luminescence:

• The Henkel Glossary of Fluorescent Minerals, Dr. Gerhard Henkel, Published by the FMS, 1989 ,
• Fluorescence: Gems and Minerals Under Ultraviolet Light, Manuel Robbins, 1994, Geoscience Press, ISBN 0-945005-13-X ,
• The World of Fluorescent Minerals, Stuart Schneider, Schiffer Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-7643-2544-2 ,
• Ultraviolet Light and Fluorescent Minerals, Th. Warren, S. Gleason, R. Bostwick, et E. Verbeek, 1995, ISBN 0-9635098-0-2 ,
• Minershop.com ,
• Luminescenza nel regno minerale, Guido Mazzoleni, fotografia Roberto Appiani, Libri Sandit, 2010, ISBN 978-88-95990-63-7 ,
• Handbook of Fluorescent Gems and Minerals, a practical guide for the gem and mineral collector, Jack de Ment, 1949 ,

Luminescence Reference on internet:

• Hackmanite as a gemstone
• Poudrette Quarry, Mont St Hilaire, Canada (Mindat.org)
• The Langesundsfjord: history, geology, pegmatites, minerals, Alf Olav Larsen, Bode Verlag Gmbh, 2010 ISBN 978-3-925094-97-2
• Video "Tenebrescence of a Hackmanite cabochon"
• http://rruff.info/uploads/CM21_549.pdf
• A New Property of Matter: Reversible Photosensitivity in Hackmanite from Bancroft, Ontario, O. Ivan Lee, Am. Min, vol 21, 1936

Pictures:

• Koksha Valley, Afghanistan: http://www.mindat.org/photo-345828.html
• Ontario, Canada: http://www.mindat.org/photo-75890.html

Mineralogical Reference on internet:

  http://www.mindat.org/show.php?name=Hackmanite

  http://webmineral.com/data/Hackmanite.shtml

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