CORUNDUM
Scheikundige formule: Al2O3
Familie: Oxiden en Hydroxiden
Status: IMA-GP
Kristal Systeem: Rhomboedrisch
Mineraal om tentoon te stellen: Ja
Fluorescerende variëteiten:
Robijn, safier,
Fluorescentie:
UV Type |
Kleur |
Intensiteit |
Frequentie van de observatie |
Lange Golven (365nm): | Rood | Zeer sterk | Dikwijls |
Midden Golven (320 nm): | Rood | | | Korte Golven(254 nm): | Rood | Middelmatig | Soms | | | | |
Andere kleuren lange golven: | Violet rood , Violet roos , |
Andere kleuren korte golven: | Oranje , |
Lange golf foto (365nm)
Rubis, UV LW,
Sivec Marble Quarry, Sivec Mountain, Prilep, Macedonia
Photo & Col. © G. Barmarin
Korte golf foto (254nm)
Rubis, UV SW,
Mysore District, Karnataka, India
Photo & Col. © G. Barmarin
Fosforescentie (in de algemene betekenis) zien met het blote oog:
Geen fosforescentie zien met het blote oog met alle golven
Commentaar:
Ruby variety(red): almost always luminescent(Cr3+)
sapphire variety (blue): sometimes weak red or pink luminescence
Other colored sapphires: frequently luminescent with variable intensity.
Activator en spectrum:
Voornaamste Activator: Cr3+
Pieks in het spectrum (nm):
Cr3+ replacing Al : Lines at 692.8, 694.3nm (R1 and R2 lines)
Cr3+ : 658.2 , 668.2 , 674.1 , 680 (small lines)
N-lines (Cr3+ pairs) : 705.8 , 712nm (small lines)
Fe3+ : broad band peaking at 896nm (Sapphire)
Geen spectrum voor de moment
Commentaar over activators en spectra:
Crookes (1887) and Becquerel (1861) considered pure alumina as fluorescent; but De Boisbaudran (1887) stated that chromium as impurity was the cause of the fluorescence.
Bois and Elias (1908) studied the effect of low temperature and magnetic field on several chromium salt and ruby in particular.
Steady-state luminescent properties of natural corundum Al2O3 were carefully investigated.
Activator: Cr3+ replacing Al giving strong well known 2E->4A2 lines with long decay time
Besides that, much weaker narrow lines present, which are connected with Cr-pairs and more complicated complexes (so called N-lines) (Tarashchan 1978).
Cathodoluminescence: red or light-blue (undetermined origin);
The weaker peaks from the long wavelength side of the principal lines are also known and ascribed to so call N-lines, namely Cr3+ pairs.
Beste vindplaats voor fluorescentie(*):
- Mysore District, Karnataka, India;
- Limecrest Quarry at Sparta, New jersey, USA;
- Limestone quarries around Franklin, Franklin Marble, Franklin, Franklin Mining District, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA;
- Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, Franklin Mining District, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA;
- Kleggåsen Ruby Quarry, Froland, Aust-Agder, Norway;
- Fiskenæsset (Fiskenaesset; Qeqertarsuatsiaat), Nuuk (Godthåb), Sermersooq, Greenland;
- Jegdalek (Jagdalek; Jagdalak; Jagdalik) Ruby Mine, Surobi District, Kabol (Kabul) Province, Afghanistan;
- Zazafotsy Quarry, Zazafotsy Commune, Ihosy District, Horombe Region, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar;
- Ampanihy District, Southwestern Region, Tuléar Province, Madagascar;
- Ali Abad, Hunza Valley, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan;
- Hassanabad Nala (Hasanabad), Hunza Valley (near Ali Abad), Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas), Pakistan;
- Luc Yen, Yenbai Province, Vietnam;
- Ketito, Arusha Region, Tanzania;
- Longido, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania (in green chrome-zoisite (anyolite));
- Mundarara Mine, Arusha Region, Tanzania (in green chrome-zoisite (anyolite));
- Khit Ostrov, Northern Karelia, Karelia Republic, Northern Region, Russia;
- Ganesh Himal deposit, Somdang, Rasuwa District, Bagmati Zone, Nepal;
- Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Division, Burma;
(*)Gegevens zijn niet exhaustieve, ze zijn beperkt tot de meest belangrijke plaatsen voor fluorescentie
Referentie voor fluorescentie:
- The Henkel Glossary of Fluorescent Minerals, Dr. Gerhard Henkel, Published by the FMS, 1989 ,
- Fluorescence: Gems and Minerals Under Ultraviolet Light, Manuel Robbins, 1994, Geoscience Press, ISBN 0-945005-13-X ,
- The World of Fluorescent Minerals, Stuart Schneider, Schiffer Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-7643-2544-2 ,
- Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials, M. Gaft, R. Reisfeld, G. Panczer, Springer Editor, ISBN: 10 3-540-21918-8 ,
- Luminescent Spectra of Minerals, Boris S. Gorobets and Alexandre A. Rogojine, Moscow, 2002 ,
- Ultraviolet Light and Fluorescent Minerals, Th. Warren, S. Gleason, R. Bostwick, et E. Verbeek, 1995, ISBN 0-9635098-0-2 ,
- Handbook of mineralogy, John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, and Monte C. Nichols, and published by Mineral Da ,
- Handbook of Fluorescent Gems and Minerals, a practical guide for the gem and mineral collector, Jack de Ment, 1949 ,
Referentie voor luminenscentie op het internet:
Images:
- Franklin, New Jersey, USA: http://www.mindat.org/photo-209427.html
- Sterling Mine, New Jersey, USA: http://www.mindat.org/photo-570635.html
- Kleggåsen Ruby Quarry, Froland, Norway: http://www.mindat.org/photo-564717.html
- Mundarara Mine, Tanzania: http://www.mindat.org/photo-503773.html
- http://www.mindat.org/photo-664838.html
- Jegdalek, Afghanistan: http://www.mindat.org/photo-587426.html
- Jegdalek, Afghanistan: http://www.mindat.org/photo-638917.html
- Jegdalek, Afghanistan: http://www.mindat.org/photo-646439.html
- Khit Ostrov, Russia (LW): http://www.mindat.org/photo-612978.html
- Khit Ostrov, Russia (SW): http://www.mindat.org/photo-612979.html
- Ali Abad, Hunza Valley, Pakistan: http://www.mindat.org/photo-652373.html
- Hunza Valley, Pakistan: http://www.mindat.org/photo-682509.html
- Mysore, India: http://www.mindat.org/photo-674247.html
- Mysore, India: http://www.mindat.org/photo-681096.html
- Ganesh Himal deposit, Nepal http://www.mindat.org/photo-675772.html
- Limecrest Quarry, Sparta, New Jersey, USA: http://www.mindat.org/photo-677648.html
- Mogok, Burma: http://www.mindat.org/photo-694502.html
Mineralogische Referentie op het internet:
http://www.mindat.org/show.php?name=Corundum
http://webmineral.com/data/Corundum.shtml
Onderzoek op Internet:
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